Indonesia Art and Craft
One
of the many pleasures of living in Indonesia is having the opportunity to learn
about and collect Indonesian arts and handicrafts. The diversity evident
in Indonesia's 300 plus ethnic groups is reflected in the diversity of its art
forms. Just as every ethnic group throughout the archipelago has its own
language/dialect, cuisine, traditional dress and traditional homes and they
have also developed their own textiles, ornaments, carvings and items for daily
use and special celebrations. The rich cultural heritage of art and handicrafts
is one of Indonesia's true national riches.
Indonesian
art forms can include designs traced back to early animistic beliefs, ancestor
worship, Hindu or Buddhist influenced motifs brought by Indian traders, Chinese
or Islamic symbols and beliefs. Foreign influence on Indonesian art forms was
brought about by centuries of exposure to other cultures through trade.
Immigrants from China, India, the Arab world and later Europe traveled to the
archipelago in search of the unique spices grown in Indonesia. These traders
settled and brought with them rich artistic traditions which influenced the
development of local art.
Today
we can see highly developed art forms wherever these artisans had patrons in
centuries past. One of the places where this is perhaps most evident is in
Yogyakarta where the Sultan's family has supported batik, silver, wayang and
other artisans for generations. With this patronage the art forms flourished,
resulting in a rich variety of art forms today.
The
rich artistic traditions of Bali, where traditionally each person must develop
skills in a particular art form - be it dance, music, or visual arts has lead
to the creation of a vibrant artistic community. Foreign artists have been
drawn to Bali for centuries due to this unique cultural synergy.
Handicrafts
also developed from the usage of every day household items which were decorated
and used for ceremonial purposes. Witness the wide variety of uses of natural
woods, fibers, bamboo, rattan and grasses. Natural and chemical dyes, beads and
other natural ornamentation are used to decorate these items, many of which
have developed over time into distinctive art forms.
Many
expats take advantage of the opportunity of living in Indonesia to learn more
about its culture, or to begin acollection of art objects or handicrafts that
they enjoy. We go through early days of explorations, through the thrills of
discovery and learning, to hunting down particular items you want and acquiring
true finds.
Often
expats are able to acquire things in Indonesia that they wouldn't have been
able to afford at home where import duties and retail mark-ups make the prices
skyrocket. In addition, the purchase of various handicrafts is often associated
with special memories ... wonderful memories of vacations, the tukang and the
fun of searching for the right piece.
With
the rupiah exchange rate so favorable against most foreign currencies - great
bargains are to be found in Indonesia! Visit either Sarinah Jaya or Pasaraya in
Jakarta for a good introduction to Indonesian handicrafts, though don't expect
to find true antiques there. Then you'll know better what you may want to
purchase on your travels through the archipelago.
If
you develop a love for a particular item, seek out others who share your new
hobby/collecting and learn the history of the items together. Expats who fall
in love with a particular art form may even plan their travel through the
archipelago around their special interest, tracking down and viewing the making
of the items in their places of origin.
One
of the most popular organizations in Jakarta for those who are interested in
learning more about Indonesian culture is the Indonesian Heritage Society.
Amateurs become experts through research using their extensive library and
participation in study groups. Study groups are formed dependent on the
interest of the members and in recent years have included: textiles, ceramics,
wayang, batik and others.
Museums
in Jakarta and in other major cities display priceless artifacts from
Indonesia's vibrant history. Join a tour at the National Museum, visit the
Textile or Keris museum and you will quickly discover the rich cultural
heritage of Indonesian art. While at the Museum Nasional, pick up a copy of the National Museum Guidebook,
published by the Indonesian Heritage Society for an excellent introduction to
the collection.
Provincial
Specialties
A
few months after beginning your exploration of the various Indonesian art
forms, certain provinces will soon take on character all their own through the
art forms you association with them ... Javanese batik, Balinese carvings,
Kalimantan baby bak, Malukan pearls, Bugis silk sarong, Lombok pottery, Dayak
blow guns, Sumba ikat and more. Your travels throughout Indonesia will be
enriched by your exposure to the development of different art forms in each
province.
Symbolism
Indonesian
art forms are rich in symbolism. The mythical naga or dragon; the mamuli
pendant - symbol of fertility from Sumba, the tree of life, the mythological
beast Garuda (also a national symbol found on the Panca Silasymbol), all have
special meanings in Indonesian traditions, myths and beliefs. Exploring the
origins of these designs and what they mean is fascinating.
The
war between good and evil, ancient stories of love and warfare, nature and the
heavens - all have special meanings to Indonesians throughout the archipelago.
Gods, demons and knights abound in Balinese carvings and in other areas where
Hindu influence predominated at some point in history. Plants, animals
(mythological and real) and geometric forms are also widely used and represent
specific meanings in particular art forms.
Motifs
drawn from nature - leaves, flowers,
mountains, water, clouds, animals often represent religious or mystical symbols
related to early forms of animism, then later to Hinduism. Islamic prohibitions
against showing the human figure or other living creatures stagnated the
development of many art forms in areas where Islam was strong.
Certain
motifs were favored and even restricted to the royal families, especially in
batik designs for the Surakarta and Yogyakarta royal families (one of which is
called the broken keris). These symbols depicted simple, natural objects
that were important to the lives of Javanese, such as the leaves of the aren
palm or the fruit from the kapok tree. Traditional colors of navy blue, cream,
brown and black used in batik have given way to a myriad of colors utilizing
modern imported dyes.
Handicrafts
and art objects range from every day items which are unique to Indonesia, to
one-of-a-kind collector's items, with a very wide range in between. What you
will buy and/or collect depends of course on what you like. To introduce you
briefly to the wide range of items available we've covered some of the more
popular below:
Textiles
The
diversity in Indonesian textile forms is astounding and is yet another
representation of its rich cultural heritage. Indonesian textiles include
hand drawn and stamped batik,
the design of which takes months to create; double weave ikat from the islands
of Nusa Tenggara, ship cloth from Lampung, silk Bugis sarong from Sulawesi,
gold-painted Balinese prada fabric; shimmering kain songket from Palembang
utilizing silver and gold metallic threads weft in woven cotton or silk ikat;
and Tapis weavings from Lampung.
Weavings
from the 27 provinces utilize different materials, methods, colors and designs.
Primarily formed on back looms, weeks or months are spent creating intricate
designs for everyday use or ceremonial wear. These weavings are primarily known
by the different techniques that are used to create the distinctive designs.
The
symbolism of the various ethnic groups is evident in the variety of textiles.
Color, shapes and their arrangements all have special meanings. Certain designs
can only be worn by women or men, or only by the members of the royal family
or nobility.
Special
textiles are worn or exchanged in life cycle or rights of passage ceremonies
celebrating birth, circumcision, puberty, marriage, childbearing and death.
Textiles play an important role in many traditional events and ceremonies.
Written
records dating to the fourteenth century document the importance of textiles in
the social and religious lives of Indonesians. The highly distinctive
traditional dress, or pakaian adat, best shows the diversity of
uses of textiles throughout the archipelago. The even more elaborate bridal
dress displays the best of each province's textile and ornamental jewelry
traditions.
Wayang
-- Puppets
Puppets
have been used for centuries in Indonesia to tell the stories of the ancient
epics, the Ramayana and theMahabarata, as well as ancient myths. Modern stories
also utilize this ancient art form for contemporary audiences.
Puppets
fall into two major classifications - wayang kulit - the leather or shadow
puppet of Central Java, and wayang golek - wooden puppets of West Java. There
are several varieties of wooden puppets. Some expats enjoy collecting the same
character by various artisans, or all the characters in a scene or story, or
just characters that strike their fancy. Good guys, bad guys, gods, demons,
nobles, giants, clowns, princes and princesses and monkeys ... all can be found
in traditional puppet forms.
Less
commonly seen are the Wayang Klitik, a flat wooden puppet. Links to sites with
information on wayang
The
congklak, or dakon board game was brought to Indonesia by Indian or Arab
traders centuries ago. Madefrom plastic or wood, or highly carved by court
artisans, this game has been played in Indonesia for centuries. Examples of
early congklak board can be found in the National Museum.
Traditional
toys can be found throughout the archipelago and forays into the provinces will
undoubtedly turn up many simple toys made by villagers for their children.
These can be purchased at local pasar, roadside stands or near popular tourist
destinations.
Ceramics
Ceramics
made their way to Indonesia over centuries of trade with China dating back to
205 BC. Ceramic items range from everyday common vessels and plates, to fine
ceramic pieces that became heirlooms passed down fromgeneration to generation.
Modern
reproductions of these antiques abound ... so take the time to learn the
difference between a genuine antique and a modern reproduction. The Ceramic
Museum in Jakarta, ceramic study groups at the Indonesian Heritage Society and
a wealth of books on Ceramics will help introduce you to this fascinating
ancient art form.
More
affordable, and yet just as beautiful is jewelry made from antique ceramic
shards discovered in port cities throughout the archipelago.
While formerly these broken dishes served as ballast in ships from China,
modern artisans have turned these broken ceramic pieces into beautiful jewelry
and other useful items.
Contemporary
ceramic design can be found in a wide range of useful household items. Lombok
pottery in particular is popular with expats. The intricate terra-cotta pottery
made in the village of Kasongan near Yogyakarta is also a favorite of many.
Natural
fibers and materials
A
wide range of items, both useful and decorative are made from natural fibers
such as pandanus, rattan, bamboo and grasses. Rice spoons, bowls, containers,
woven mats, baskets, lamp shades, boxes, natural paper products and a multitude
of other items are made from natural fibers in Indonesia.
Bamboo,
while exotic in the west, is one of the most practical natural plants. The uses
of bamboo in Indonesia arenumerous and Indonesians utilize bamboo extensively
for a variety of items including baskets, winnows, cups, buckets, furniture and
woven walls in traditional homes. The fine strands used for fans, purses, bags,
hats, baskets and other items. Larger, thick strips are used for flower
baskets, walls and other items. While bamboo was originally used for practical
items around the house, these have been further developed into new items which
sell well as souvenirs.
Bone,
rubber, coconut shell, fibers, horn and other natural materials are used in
many folk handicrafts from blow pipes, figurines, bags, storage items, painted
umbrellas, and even ships made entirely from cloves.
Shells
Shells
are used by Indonesian artisans to create a wide variety of useful items, wind
chimes and jewelry. The waters surrounding the over 17,000 islands in the
Indonesian archipelago have given forth an abundance of aquatic splendor.
Exotic shells can be purchased for small sums of money. However, be cautious in
your purchases as many species are over-harvested and their extinction is only
a matter of time. In particular, avoid purchasing the Nautilus and giant clam,
protected species which are already endangered.
Jewelry
One
of the richest art forms in Indonesia reflects the Indonesian woman's desire to
ornament her traditional dress, which wouldn't be complete without various
items of traditional jewelry. Ornamentation used with traditional dress is rich
in symbolism and design. From modern designs in 22 karat gold, to intricate
filigree silver jewelry from Yogyakarta, using precious and semi-precious
stones, or modern plastic, wood or ceramic ... there are many designs,
materials and price ranges to choose from. Many expats indulge their love of a
particular type of jewelry ... buying opals or silver jewelry until they've
built up quite impressive collections.
Antique
jewelry (both authentic and reproductions) is a favorite of expats. Antique
trade beads, or their reproductions, are very popular.
Mabe
pearls are a favorite with expats in Jakarta. You can purchase the loose pearls
and have them set in your own gold or silver design at your favorite jewelers.
Pearl farms harvest huge quantities of mabe and fresh water pearls in Lampung,
Maluku and Sulawesi.
A
trip to the gem markets of Jakarta or Kalimantan is a fun adventure and
provides an introduction to the variety of gemstones available in Indonesia.
These include diamonds, South Sea pearls, opal, sapphire, amethyst and banded
agates. Beware that many stones are actually manufactured ... what is termed
masakan in Indonesia. The karat content of gold can often misrepresented and
gemstones could be fake. Depend on a trusted jeweler or shop with knowledgeable
friends.
Antique
Furniture
Beautiful
Dutch colonial and other antique furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries is
popular with expats, including Balinese opium beds, rice storage units,
old cupboards, Javanese carved wall panels, doors and unique tables. These
pieces may need restoration or may have already be refinished or reconditioned
by the shops.
Many
shops cater to the expats love of antiques and sell authentic antiques or
reproductions. Widely available too are new designs of furniture, utilizing old
wood. The advantage of old wood is that it is less likely to split when you
bring it back to a dry climate, as the wood has been seasoned for decades. Much
'antique' furniture available is actually new furniture that has been left in
the sun and rain for months to . age. the furniture. Be careful to purchase
from a trustworthy dealer if you want to be sure you are getting authentic
antiques.
Wood
Carvings
Wooden
carving traditions and skills can be found throughout the Indonesian
archipelago, with the most famous being from Bali, Central Java, Madura,
Sumatra and Papua. Different areas developed very different traditions so that
many items are immediately identifiable as being created by particular ethnic
groups. Most popular with expats are Javanese and Balinese wooden image
carvings, Jepara lattice-like three-dimensional reliefs and Irianese primitive
carvings.
Even
amongst wooden carvings from a particular province, differences in design,
style and subject matter are easily evidenced after some study. Irianese tribes
such as the Asmat, Dani, and Komoro have very distinctive styles of carvings of
totem poles, weapons, figures and utensils.
Whimsical,
brightly colored modern carvings are produced primarily in Bali. And the
popularity of these pieces has influenced the wooden carving traditions of
other regions as well.
Used
in prehistoric times in burials, the use of ancient spirit masks have given way
to masks used in many traditional dances. These highly stylized masks, topeng,
depict the various characters in the story told by the dance. Masks enable the
performers to assume new identities and depict a variety of characters from
demons to animals, princes or gods. Amongst the most famous masks used in dance
are the Rangda and Barong masks from Bali. In this traditional dance, performed
often for tourists, the interaction of Rangda, representing evil, and the
Barong, representing good, restores the harmony between the good and evil in
life.
While
masks for sale in stores are primarily from Central Java and Bali, masks from
other ethnic groups were used widely in the past to communicate with ancestors,
for blessings for harvests, protection from evil spirits, to acquire new
personalities or great powers.
Fragrant
sandalwood from the Nusa Tenggara is available in carvings, medicine, incense,
cosmetics, prayer beads and useful items such as pens and fans. It is usually
stored in a special glass cabinet in stores and a stroll past the cabinet will
quickly acquaint you with the exotic fragrance of this special wood.
Woods
used in carving include ebony, teak, mahogany, ironwood, sandalwood and other
lesser known indigenous woods. The price may often be related to the type of
wood used, as harder woods are more difficult to carve. Since many are
concerned by the cutting of tropical hard wood forests, many wood items are
made from teak trees which are cultivated on plantations. Look for the labeling
designated the item as utilizing plantation-grown teak.
Stone
Carvings
Volcanic
rock are carved to create statues depicting characters from ancient Indonesian
myths and epics. These are predominantly found in Yogyakarta and Bali
where stone carving traditions date back over 900 years and were highly
developed during the construction of major temples in these areas.
Bangka
Tin
Pewter
items are made with tin from the island of Bangka. Favorites with expats are
the angels in varying sizes, candlesticks, picture frames, and Christmas tree
ornaments. Engravings of Bangka tin items are often presented by various expat
groups to their members in recognition of various achievements.
Shops
specializing in Bangka pewter items can be found in Jakarta on Jl. Paletahan.
These shops offer significant discounts. Displays of Bangka tin items can also
be found in the major arts and handicrafts centers in Jakarta and in other
popular tourist destinations.
Paintings
Painting
as an art form was really developed in the 19th and 20th century and includes
batik paintings, the highly stylized paintings of Bali which depict village and
traditional life as well as modern oils and acrylics. Famous Indonesian painters
such as Raden Saleh, command high prices on the international market and at
auctions in Singapore and Jakarta.
Musical
Instruments
Along
with the other arts forms that developed in great diversity across the
archipelago, cultural diversity also lead to the development of different
musical traditions, thus different instruments. Angklung from West Java,
Gamelan from Yogyakarta or Bali, flutes and gongs from West Java are favorite
collectibles of expats.
Calligraphy
While
non-Islamic art forms abound due to the rich Buddhist/Hindu traditions dating
back for centuries, Islamic calligraphy has developed in various art forms as
well. These include embroidery, wood carvings, ceramics, paintings, and the
beautiful gold embroidered Tapis cloth of Lampung.
Weapons
The
ancient Keris is a favorite of expats, as well as bone blow pipes from
Kalimantan, swords and daggers. Bowsand arrows and spears from Papua are also
popular.
Batik
copper stamps
Used
in the cap production of batik, these copper stamps are
collected by expats. Special designs can be made at the Cap Man in Jakarta where cap are
worked into drawers and furniture as well as lazy susans, coasters or trivets.
Whatever
your tastes and pleasures, you will soon enjoy the exploration of the various
Indonesian art forms and enjoy collecting a few for yourself.